Abstract:To reduce costs, improve quality, and enrich supporting services, the operation and management of urban parks in China are transitioning from the government-led model to a multi-stakeholder participation model. Based on a comparative analysis of the historical development and models of multi-stakeholder involvement in urban park operations abroad, this study summarizes three models: market-led integrated park operation, societyled integrated park operation, and government-led park development integrated with regional operations. In China, the market-led and government-led models are predominant. However, the common and prominent problems across these models primarily include: a lack of effective economic incentives, insufficient profit margins in park operations, and inadequate systematic guidance for operational supervision. Based on domestic and international practices, this study proposes recommendations in four areas: applicable models, economic incentives, policy guidance, and management mechanisms. First, introduce diversified operations tailored to local conditions. Second, enhance economic incentives by addressing aspects such as access forms, operational tenure, spatial control, and the injection of fiscal funds. Third, strengthen policy guidance by standardizing the legal pathways for introducing social capital, forms of entrustment, pricing, and revenue distribution, and by regulating the feasibility, spatial control, and approval processes for park consumption projects. Fourth, build a consensus on park management and strengthen cross-departmental coordination.
